Genital Warts Information - Human papillomavirus, smoking, and cancer.
Moore TO, Moore AY, Carrasco D, Vander Straten M, Arany I, Au W, Tyring SK.
J Cutan Med Surg 2001 Jul-Aug;5(4):323-8
Department of Surgery, Baylor University Hospital, Dallas, TX, USA.
BACKGROUND: The effect of smoking on human papillomavirus (HPV) activity and subsequent dysplasia and neoplasia remains controversial.
OBJECTIVE: To determine any reported effects of smoking on either HPV activity or HPV-related dysplasia/cancer using retrospective analysis of the literature from 1966 through 1998 via Toxline and PubMed to search for "smoking," "papillomavirus," and "cancer."
CONCLUSION: Several recent large studies demonstrated that smoking was associated with a greater incidence of cervical, vulvar, penile, anal, oral, and head and neck cancer in a dose-dependent fashion, while other studies did not show any correlation between smoking and cervical dysplasia after multivariate adjustment. Recent studies have also indicated that smoking may be more closely related to high-grade lesions of the cervix and vulva. These data provide evidence of an association between HPV, smoking, and cancer. Progression of dysplasia likewise seems to be associated with smoking. Several groups have attempted to discern whether the connection between smoking and cervical cancer is from local immunosuppression and/or from direct carcinogenic effects.
Extracted from: Entrez-PubMed
Genital Warts Information - Risk factors for the acquisition of genital warts: are condoms protective?
Wen LM, Estcourt CS, Simpson JM, Mindel A.
Sex Transm Infect 1999 Oct;75(5):312-6
Academic Unit of Sexual Health Medicine, Sydney Hospital, Australia.
OBJECTIVES: To characterize risk factors for the acquisition of genital warts and specifically to determine whether condoms confer protection from infection.
METHODS: A retrospective case-control study comparing demographic, behavioral, and sexual factors in men and women with and without newly diagnosed genital warts, who attended Sydney Sexual Health Centre (SSHC), an inner city public sexual health centre, in 1996. Data were extracted from the SSHC database. Crude odds ratios (OR) were calculated to compare cases and controls and significant factors were then controlled for using multivariate logistic regression to obtain adjusted odds ratios (ORs).
RESULTS: 977 patients with warts and 977 controls matched by sex and date of attendance were included. In both sexes, univariate analysis revealed that younger age, more lifetime sexual partners, failure to use condoms, greater cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption were associated with warts, and there was a negative association with previous infection with other STD's. In males, on multivariate analysis, factors which remained significant were younger age, more lifetime sexual partners; failure to use condoms, greater cigarette smoking, and previous pelvic infections. In women, factors which remained significant were younger age, more lifetime sexual partners, condom use, marital status, and previous infections with pelvic infections and STDs.
CONCLUSIONS: Independent risk factors for genital warts include younger age, greater number of lifetime sexual partners, and smoking. Consistent condom use significantly reduces the risk of acquiring genital warts.
Extracted from: Entrez-PubMed
